Knee Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and the Best Treatments to Relieve Pain

Written By Kayvan Haddadan MD

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of knee pain worldwide, affecting millions of people—especially those over the age of 50. As the cartilage in the knee joint wears away, bones begin to rub together, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Whether you’re newly diagnosed or have been living with OA for years, this guide offers a comprehensive look at knee osteoarthritis—its causes, symptoms, and top treatments available today.

What Is Knee Osteoarthritis?

Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that results from the breakdown of articular cartilage in the knee. Cartilage acts as a cushion between bones. When it deteriorates, movement becomes painful and less fluid.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

Understanding what causes knee osteoarthritis can help with prevention and early treatment. Here are some of the most common knee OA risk factors:

  • Age: Risk increases significantly after 45 years old.

  • Obesity: Excess weight puts more stress on the knee joint.

  • Previous knee injuries: Sports injuries or accidents can accelerate cartilage damage.

  • Genetics: Family history may play a role.

  • Repetitive stress: Jobs or sports that involve frequent kneeling or squatting.

Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis

People with knee osteoarthritis often report:

  • Knee pain that worsens with activity but improves with rest

  • Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting

  • Swelling and tenderness around the knee

  • Grinding or popping sounds during movement (crepitus)

  • Reduced range of motion and difficulty walking or climbing stairs

Stages of Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee OA is often classified in five stages (0–4):

  • Stage 0: Normal knee with no signs of OA.

  • Stage 1 (Minor): Minor wear and tear, possible bone spur growth.

  • Stage 2 (Mild): More noticeable bone spurs, slight joint space narrowing.

  • Stage 3 (Moderate): Cartilage damage, frequent pain, swelling.

  • Stage 4 (Severe): Major loss of cartilage, chronic pain, very limited mobility.

Top Treatments for Knee Osteoarthritis

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but many knee OA treatment options can help relieve symptoms and slow progression.

1. Lifestyle Changes

  • Weight loss: Reduces joint pressure and improves mobility.

  • Exercise: Low-impact activities like swimming, walking, and cycling strengthen muscles around the knee.

  • Physical therapy: Improves joint function and flexibility.

2. Medications

  • NSAIDs: Ibuprofen or naproxen reduce inflammation and pain.

  • Acetaminophen: Useful for mild to moderate pain.

  • Topical analgesics: Creams like capsaicin applied to the skin.

3. Injections

  • Corticosteroid injections: Provide short-term pain relief.

  • Hyaluronic acid injections: Lubricate the joint for smoother movement.

  • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): Experimental, may promote healing.

4. Assistive Devices

  • Knee braces: Provide support and alignment.

  • Canes or walkers: Help reduce pressure on the knee.

5. Surgical Options

When conservative treatments fail:

  • Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive, but less common now.

  • Osteotomy: Bone reshaping for better alignment.

  • Total knee replacement (arthroplasty): Most effective long-term solution for severe OA.

Natural Remedies for Knee Osteoarthritis

In addition to medical treatments, some natural options may help:

  • Turmeric (curcumin): Anti-inflammatory properties.

  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Found in fish oil, help reduce joint inflammation.

  • Glucosamine and chondroitin: Supplements that may protect cartilage.

Note: Always consult your healthcare provider before starting new supplements.

Can You Prevent Knee Osteoarthritis?

While not always preventable, you can lower your risk with these strategies:

  • Maintain a healthy weight

  • Stay physically active

  • Avoid knee injuries

  • Strengthen leg muscles

  • Practice good posture and body mechanics

Final Thoughts: Living Well with Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis can affect your quality of life, but early diagnosis and proactive treatment can make a huge difference. By combining lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery, many people find significant relief.

If you’re experiencing chronic knee pain, talk to your healthcare provider to explore the best options for managing knee OA and getting back to doing what you love.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the best exercise for knee osteoarthritis?
A: Low-impact exercises like swimming, walking, and stationary cycling help reduce stiffness and improve joint function.

Q: Is walking good for knee osteoarthritis?
A: Yes, regular walking helps keep the knee joint mobile and reduces stiffness.

Q: Can knee osteoarthritis be reversed?
A: It cannot be reversed, but treatments can significantly reduce symptoms and improve joint function.

Q: When is knee replacement necessary?
A: When conservative treatments no longer relieve pain and your mobility is severely affected.

For more information about our clinic, medical professionals, and treatment options, please visit our main website.

Kayvan Haddadan MD
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