Spondylolisthesis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Written By Kayvan Haddadan MD

What Is Spondylolisthesis?

Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition in which one vertebra slips forward over the one beneath it. This misalignment can cause pain, nerve compression, and mobility issues. The condition is most commonly seen in the lower back (lumbar spine) but can also affect other areas of the spine.

Types of Spondylolisthesis

There are several types of spondylolisthesis, classified based on their underlying causes:

  1. Congenital Spondylolisthesis – A birth defect in the spine that predisposes individuals to vertebral slippage.

  2. Isthmic Spondylolisthesis – Caused by a small stress fracture (spondylolysis) in the pars interarticularis, a region of the vertebra.

  3. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis – Occurs due to aging and wear-and-tear changes in the spine, leading to instability.

  4. Traumatic Spondylolisthesis – Results from a sudden injury or trauma to the spine.

  5. Pathologic Spondylolisthesis – Develops due to diseases that weaken the spinal structures, such as tumors or osteoporosis.

  6. Post-Surgical Spondylolisthesis – A rare occurrence following spinal surgery.

Causes and Risk Factors

Spondylolisthesis can develop due to various factors, including:

  • Genetics – Some individuals are born with spinal abnormalities that increase their risk.

  • Repetitive Stress – Athletes, such as gymnasts, football players, and weightlifters, are more prone due to repeated stress on the spine.

  • Aging – Degeneration of the spinal discs and joints can lead to instability.

  • Injury or Trauma – Sudden forceful impact can displace a vertebra.

  • Spinal Conditions – Diseases such as osteoporosis or spinal tumors may weaken the vertebrae.

Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis

Symptoms vary depending on the severity and location of the slippage. Common signs include:

  • Lower Back Pain – Worsens with activity and prolonged standing.

  • Stiffness in the Back – Reduced flexibility, especially in the lumbar spine.

  • Muscle Tightness or Spasms – Particularly in the hamstrings and lower back.

  • Leg Pain (Sciatica) – Due to nerve compression, leading to tingling, numbness, or weakness in the legs.

  • Difficulty Walking or Standing for Long Periods – Pain relief often occurs when bending forward or sitting.

  • Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control (Rare but serious) – May indicate severe nerve compression requiring immediate medical attention.

How Is Spondylolisthesis Diagnosed?

A doctor typically diagnoses spondylolisthesis through:

  1. Physical Examination – Evaluating posture, movement, and pain levels.

  2. X-rays – Detects vertebral misalignment and determines the grade of slippage.

  3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – Identifies nerve compression and soft tissue involvement.

  4. CT Scan (Computed Tomography) – Provides detailed images for a more precise assessment.

Spondylolisthesis Grading

Spondylolisthesis is classified into grades based on the percentage of vertebral slippage:

  • Grade I: 1-25%

  • Grade II: 26-50%

  • Grade III: 51-75%

  • Grade IV: 76-100%

  • Grade V (Spondyloptosis): The vertebra has completely fallen off the one below it.

Treatment Options for Spondylolisthesis

The treatment approach depends on the severity of symptoms and the degree of vertebral slippage. Options include:

Non-Surgical Treatments

  • Rest and Activity Modification – Avoid high-impact activities to prevent worsening symptoms.

  • Physical Therapy – Strengthening core and back muscles to provide better spinal support.

  • Pain Management – Over-the-counter NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) or prescription pain relievers.

  • Bracing – Helps stabilize the spine in younger patients or those with mild slippage.

  • Epidural Steroid Injections – Reduces inflammation and relieves nerve pain.

Surgical Treatments

Surgery is considered if non-surgical methods fail, or if symptoms are severe. Common surgical options include:

  • Spinal Fusion – Fusing affected vertebrae to prevent further movement.

  • Laminectomy (Decompression Surgery) – Removes part of the bone or tissue pressing on nerves.

  • Instrumented Fusion – Using screws, rods, or cages to stabilize the spine.

Can You Prevent Spondylolisthesis?

While not all cases are preventable, you can reduce your risk by:

  • Maintaining Good Posture – Reducing strain on the lower back.

  • Regular Exercise – Strengthening core and back muscles for better spinal support.

  • Avoiding High-Impact Activities – Especially if you have a history of back pain.

  • Using Proper Lifting Techniques – Lifting with your legs instead of your back to minimize strain.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

  • Persistent lower back pain not relieved by rest.

  • Leg weakness, numbness, or tingling.

  • Difficulty walking or standing for prolonged periods.

  • Loss of bladder or bowel control (emergency sign).

Conclusion

Spondylolisthesis can significantly impact daily life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, most individuals can manage their symptoms effectively. Whether through physical therapy, medications, or surgery in severe cases, early intervention is key to maintaining spinal health and mobility. If you suspect spondylolisthesis, consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

For more information about our clinic, medical professionals, and treatment options, please visit our main website.

Kayvan Haddadan MD
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